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Thread: Sports Nutrition Bible

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  1. #16
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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Top notch thread. CHeers.
    I am looking forward to reading the rest of the Carbohydrate info so hurry up and get a move on you workshy bastard! lol

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Carbohydrates

    There are different types of carbohydrate and each type is treated differently by our bodies. For example, glucose and bran are both carbohydrates, but they are on different ends of the energy spectrum. Glucose enters the bloodstream quickly and initiates a high insulin response, while bran never makes it into the bloodstream because of it's indigestibility. It mediates the insulin response by slowing the rate that other energy sources enter the bloodtsream at.

    So what does this mean for athletes?

    It means that athletes should carefully consider which type of carbohydrate to fuel up. Glucose is the main source of fuel for muscular activity, so when glucose runs out, the athlete stops performing. Therefore, understanding how to prevent glucose from depleting should be the main focus of an athletes nutrition practice.

    As stated before, they are different types of carbohydrates and they are split up into 2 categories.....simple and complex. (there is actually another category containing mannitol, sorbitol etc... which is the stuff found in sugar free chewing gum, but it's not so important for this topic).

    Anyways...

    Simple carbohydrates (sugars) are split up into the following...

    Monosaccharides (single molecule carbs) - Glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose and galactose.

    Disaccharides (two molecules) - sucrose, Lactose and Maltose.

    Complex are split up into the following...

    Oligosaccharides (3-20 molecules) - maltodextrins for example

    Digestible polysaccharides (20 plus - molecule starch carbohydrate) - these complex carbohydrates should provide the main source of carbohydrate energy

    Indigestible polysaccharides (20 plus molecule non starch carbohydrate) - these types of carbs provide fiber.


    Now that complicated stuff is out of the way...

    It's not really essential for any of you guys to know that stuff, it's just best that i cover it anyway.

    So where do all the carbs go?

    Humans can store somewhere in the region of 350grams in the form of muscle glycogen, and additional 90g in the liver and around 5g circulates in the blood. The larger the muscle mass, the greater storage capacity, but also the greater the potential need.

    Once all glycogen replenishment is complete, excess carbohydrate may be transported to fat/muscle cells where it will be stored as fat.

    Glycogen stores and replenishment

    Sports nutrionists recommend that regular exercisers consume a diet which is relatively high in carbs and low in fat. This recommendation is based on the fact that carbohydrate is very important for endurance exercise since carbohydrate stores - as muscle and liver glycogen - are limited. Depletion of these stores results in fatigue and reduced performance. Think of a car that runs out of petrol/gas.

    This is why pre-exercise glycogen stores need to be full. This is why you see boxers load up on carbs before a fight.

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    So how much carbohydrate do i need?

    I'm sure a few of you reading this are now thinking about your own carbohydrate intake. Could it be that you have severley under-estimnated your body's need for carbohydrate?

    Below is a table to use and it shows how much carbohydrate is neede by an individual to support their own energy requirements.

    Activity level---------------(g) carbs / kg bodyweight / day

    3-5 hours/week---------------------- 4-5
    5-7 hours/week---------------------- 5-6
    1-2hours/day------------------------ 6-7 (number of hours of
    2-4 hours/day----------------------- 7-8 moderate intensity
    more than 4 hours/day--------------- 8-10 exercise or sport)


    So that means that the average 70kg guy who exercises for one hour a day, would need 420g of carbohydrate per day, just to support his energy requirements. (70x6=420g). It's quite scary to think just how much is required for the guys who train for 2-4 hours per day at a high intensity.

    But won't all these carbs get stored as fat?

    Ultimately no, because exercise depletes glycogen stores. So the carbohydrates taken in would go towards replenishing lost glycogen. You see, glycogen replenishment is sorta like refuelling your car.

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    So if Carbs don't make you fat, why do 'experts' recommend high protein, low carb diets?

    There is a misconception (and it is actually one that i used to share) that cutting carbs out of your diet will result in fat loss. There is also a misconception that consumed protein can be stored directly as muscle.
    Therefore, the advice of eating loads of protein and cutting carbs, will result in fat loss and muscle maintenence has become quite common.

    The problem is, these diets are normally endorsed by some random celebrity (jade goody anyone?) who hasn't got the slightest idea of how to lose weight. Once the endorsement is there, the diet becomes popular. The truth gets lost and the dieters get frustrated as any weight they lose from the 'fad diets' returns almost as quickly as they lost it.

    So why don't these diets work?

    If you cut out all carbohydrates you will lose weight. That doesn't mean the diet works. You see, you will lose weight in the form of glycogen, water and lean tissue, yet the thing you most want to get rid of is still there (fat) and it's now harder to shift than ever.

    For every gram of carbohydrate consumed, 3-4 times equivalent of water is also dragged into muscle cells. So when you drop carbohydrates from your diet, muscle glycogen becomes severley depleted, which in turn depletes all the water from muscle cells. So yeah, you will lose a lot of weight quickly, but it's not the right kind of weight.

    On top of that, you will lose muscle tissue as you are not consuming enough carbohydrate to support your existing lean tissue. Protein will also be broken down and used for energy. To make matters worse, the less muscle mass you have, the harder it is to lose bodyfat.

    Another problem with severly dropping calories (not just carbs) is your metabolism will slow right down which is also a very bad thing when you want to lose fat. The best dieting method for cutting fat is to decrease calorie intake by about 15%. Anyways i'll go into that a little bit later on.

    to be continued...

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Ok, you've convinced me, i won't cut carbs...

    But what kind of carbohydrates should i eat?

    Ever heard of the Glycemic Index (GI index)? You probably have. The GI Index is used to describe the effect different foods have on your blood sugar levels. Low GI carbs are what you will want to base your diet around. High GI carbs may be useful during the Glycogen replenishment stage that takes place immediately after exercise (again i'll go through that later).

    Not all carbohydrates are equal!

    This will become apparent to you when you look at the GI Index (which i will go through soon). It's tempting to think that simple carbs are absorbed quicker than complex carbs, and that they produce a large and rapid rise in blood sugar. Unfortunately it's not that simple. For example, apples (containing simple carbs) produce a small and prolonged rise in blood sugar, despite being high in simple carbs. Many complex carbs such as bread and potatoes are digested and absorbed very quickly and give a rapid rise in blood sugar. So the old notion that simple carbs give you fast energy and complex carbs give you slow burning energy is actually misleading.

    So why do some fitness websites tell you to lay off fruit when wanting to lose weight?

    Because they have most likely got as far as seeing that fruit is made up of fructose and fructose is a simple carbohydrate. That's probably as far as they have thought it through.

    to be continued...(because it's home time )

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    The GI Index

    Glycaemic Index Tables

    That is probably the most comprehensive GI index i have seen on the internet.

    How is the GI worked out?

    The GI value of a food is worked by out by feeding 10 or more healthy people a portion of food containing 50g of carbohydrate. For example, you would eat a 250g baked potato which contains 50g carbs. Over the next 2 hours a sample of blood is taken every 15 minutes and the blood sugar level is measured. On another occasion, the same 10 people consume 50g of glucose. Their response to the potato is compared with their blood sugar response to 50g of glucose.

    50g of glucose equates to 100 on the GI index.

    Glucose is used as the yardstick to measure everything against. A baked potato registers as 85 which means it produces a rise in blood sugar which is 85% as great as that produced after eating an equivalent amount of glucose.

    So how do i integrate the GI Index into my diet?

    Use the GI Index to select mainly low GI carbohydrate. Low GI should make up the bulk of your carbohydrate intake, with the exception of post workout where high GI carbs may come in handy (more on that later).

    What are the drawbacks of the GI?

    The biggest drawback is that GI Index doesn't take account of the portion size you are eating, For example, watermelon has a GI of 72 which makes it high, which would make it a no-no for the low GI seekers. However an average slice (120g) only contains around 6g of carbs. So you would need to eat around 8 slices to obtain around 50g of carbs - the amount used in the GI test.

    Also many (not all) vegetables appear to have a high GI value. However their carbohydrate content is so low that you would have to eat an absolute mountain of it for it to have any significant effect on blood sugar.

    Another drawback is that some foods that are high in fat have a low GI value. The GI of crisps or chips is lower than the GI of a baked potato. Fat reduces the rate at which food is digested but saturated and trans fats can push up heart disease risk.

    The bottom line is this - Don't just select foods by their GI value. Check out their protein and fat content aswell. Watch out for saturated and trans fats!

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    So know you know about the glycemic index, so you should hopefully be able to select the right sources of carbohydrates to support your goals (low GI, pretty much all the way).

    You also know how many grams of carbohydrates you need daily, to support your existing weight and exercise levels.

    So taking into account that you should aim to eat a small meal every 3 hours (6 times per day, roughly), you should now be able to figure out just how much carbohydrates are required with each meal...

    Before you simply divide you total intake by 6, please read on...


    Pre-Exercise

    Ideally you should consume a meal 2-4 hours before training. This will enable enough time for your stomach to feel settled which should help you to have a comfortable work out (not too full - not too hungry).

    Obviously the time of the meal will very much depend on your daily schedule and the time of day you plan to train.

    A little bit of trial and error may be necessary here to figure out what works best for you. Eating too close to your training session may make you feel too full and uncomfortable, whereas leaving too long an interval between eating and training puts you at risk of hypogylcemia (low blood sugar...pretty shitty feeling to be honest).

    How much Carbohydrate?

    Most studies seem to settle on around 2.5g carbohydrate/kg of bodyweight, around about 3 hours before exercise. This sounds like an awful lot, but when you consider that a 45 minutes weights session can deplete around 40% of total glycogen stores then the figure doesn't seem so ridiculous.

    So the average 70k athlete would need to consume 175g carbohydrate 3 hours before exercise.

    I know this may go against peoples conventional wisdom and a few skeptics are probably worried about fat gain from consuming too many carbohydrates, but maximum glycogen storage is very beneficial when you're about to embark on an intense bout of exercise.

    Of course you may need to experiment to find the exact quanity and timings to suit yourself but following the above guidelines will stand you in very good stead.

    to be continued...

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Excellent thread.

  9. #24
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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    During Exercise

    For most activities lasting less than an hour, drinking anything other than water is unnecessary, provided your pre-exercise muscle glycogen levels are high. So basically if you've eaten a carbohydrate containing meal 2-4 hours before, then you'll be fine with just water.

    If you are exercising for longer than 60 minutes ata moderate-high intensity, comsuming carbohydrate during exercise can be beneficial. During the first 60 minutes of exercise, most of your carbohydrate energy comes from muscle glycogen. After that, muscle glycogen stores deplete significantly, so the exercising muscles must use carbohydrates from other source. That's where blood sugar (glucose) comes into it. As you continue on, more and more glucose is taken from the bloodstream. Eventually, after around 2-3 hours, your muscles will be fuelled purely by glucose and fat. Unfortunately amino acids are now likely to be used for fuel aswell as liver glycogen. Once liver glycogen runs low, you may be in danger of experiencing hypoglycaemia...which is very unpleasant.

    Clearly then, consuming additional carbohydrate whilst training, would stabilise blood glucose sugar levels thus allowing you to exercise longer.

    So how much carbohydrate should i have?

    Around 30-60g per hour is best. It's important to consume these carbohydrates before fatigue sets in. Don't wait for it! This is because it takes around 30 minutes for the carbohydrate to enter the bloodstream.

    The best strategy would be to consume the carbohydrates soon after the start of your workout (30 minutes into it at the latest).

    Note: continually consuming carbohydrates whilst training will not allow to train indefinately...pretty sure you'll have grasped that anyway

    Which foods or drinks are best?

    High or Moderate GI carbs are best as they raise blood sugar levels and reach muscles more rapidly. Whether you choose liquids or solids makes very little difference to your performance, provided you drink water with your solid carbohydrate. Liquid forms of carbohydrates are probably more convenient. If you prefer to consume food aswell as drinks during exercise, energy pr sports nutrition bars, sports gels, ripe bananas, raisins or fruit bars are all perfectly fine. Just be sure to drink water at the same time. Whether you choose liquid or solid carbohydrate, aim to consume at least 1 litre fluid per hour.

    to be continued....(sorry if it's moving slow, my comp at home is fooked)

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Suitable foods and drinks to consume during exercise

    I said before that 30-60g of carbohydrate per hour, whilst training would be very beneficial. Below is a table explaining the required quantities of different foods, required to consume 30g of carbohydrates.

    Isotonic Sports Drink (6g carbs/100ml) - 500ml

    Glucose Polymer Drink (12g carbs/100ml) - 250ml

    Raisins or Sultanas - 1 Handful

    Cereal or Breakfast Bar - 1 Bar

    Energy Gel - 1 Sachet

    Bananas - 1-2 Bananas, depending on size

    Obviously to consume 60g of carbohydrate you would have to double the portion sizes shown above.

    Just a quick note on energy gels

    Be sure to drink plenty of water with energy gels. If you don't consume enough water with them, you will end up with a gelatinous goo in your belly, which will drag water into your stomach which increases the risk of dehydration. Aim to consume around 350-400ml of water along with it. Maybe split this up into two servings of 175ml-200ml per half sachet. This amount of water will give it a 7% solution (in your stomach) which is the equivalent to an isotonic sports drink. Stick to the above guidelines and try not to be too liberal with the water. Whilst dehydration is a risk when consuming insufficient amounts of water, comsume too much water and not enough carbs will get inside the muscles so you won't get that vital energy boost. So follow the above guidelines for maximum effectiveness.

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    I've just spent an hour adding to this thread and the fucker timed out









  12. #27
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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Quote Originally Posted by ono View Post
    I've just spent an hour adding to this thread and the fucker timed out








    been there and done it. it sux. notepad or MS word is your friend.

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Quote Originally Posted by Salty View Post
    I think you've got the lactate shuttle a little wrong mate, the way I understood it worked was...
    1. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is formed when glycogen and glucose are being broken down at high rates in your muscles (called glycolysis which is the conversion of these into pyruvate). Pyruvate is then converted to Lactate (lactic acid) as it increases in the muscles.
    2. Lactate is now formed and transported away from the muscle cells into surrounding tissue and blood. This allows glycolysis to persist and thus continuing the supply of energy to our muscles.
    3. The muscle cells which the lactate is transported to can cause the lactate to be broken down to fuel (mainly ATP) or can be used to build glycogen.
    Everything Ive read says its Hydrogen,but keep in mind,those findings were only published a couple of years ago

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Post Exercise - carbohydrates



    Glycogen Depletion

    Intensive training severley depletes your body's glycogen stores. Just how much they're depleted depends very much on the intensity of the training session/event and the duration of it. Another factor that comes into it is - how full your glycogen stores were before exercise. For example, if you commenced training without adequately refuelling from the previous days exercise, you will reach glycogen depletion much more rapidly - as would a car that was running on half a fuel tank, as opposed to a car running on a full on. Simple.

    The higher the intensity, the more glycogen you use. For example, explosive activities such as sprints, jumps or lifts and high intensity activities such as running will deplete glycogen stores much more quickly than low intensity exercise would.

    The duration also has a bearing on how much glycogen is used. For example you would use more more glycogen running for one hour than you would if you ran at the same pace for only half an hour.

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    Default Re: Sports Nutrition Bible

    Glycogen Replenishment and Muscle Damage

    Certain activities which involve eccentric movements (heavy weight training, plyometrics or hard running) can cause muscle fibre damage. Muscle damage delays glycogen replenishment, so complete glycogen replenishment can take as long as 7-10 (when there is muscle damage).

    Without muscle damage, glycogen replenishment takes around 20-22 hours provided you have an adequate nutrition plan

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