They have a cenrtal bank like the Fed. But they don't have a banking union or a fiscal union, all the national governments set their own budgets. The US can get round this because they have a national tax system whereby the rich states bail out the poor states via tax payments for unemployment, state aid, social security payments and so on.
For instance Florida had a huge property bubble and its GDP dropped by about eight points/eight point budget deficit overnight in 2008. They were bailed out by the federal government so they didn't suffer what greece has.
By contrast Greece only initially had a seven ooint GDP fall/budget deficit. The subsequent twenty percent drop came from austerity. If they'd been bailed out by European taxpayers they'd be relatively fine now.
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